Furthermore, the role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of lysine- and serine-rich proteins and the possibility of using genome-wide strategies to identify novel interactions are discussed.

The authors report the complex mechanisms of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation and highlight the importance of proteins rich in lysine and serine for plant development and stress tolerance. A closer look at the relationships between lysine and serine is provided by Kavi Kishor et al., who summarize the current knowledge on the biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and biological effects of both amino acids, focusing on the complexity of their interactions. focuses on lysine catabolism and describes the connections between the degradation intermediates of this amino acid and other metabolic pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, abiotic and biotic stress responses, starch metabolism, and the unfolded protein response. Lysine, as one of those essential amino acids is often present at low levels in plants and thus limits their nutritional value. In contrast to humans and animals, plants synthesize all twenty-one proteinogenic amino acids themselves ( Figure 1). These nutritionally essential amino acids must be taken up from the diet and by far the greatest share is derived from plants ( Galili et al., 2016, Hou and Wu, 2018). Indeed, nine out of twenty-one proteinogenic amino acids cannot be synthesized in animals, including human beings, and three or more others are not synthesized in sufficient quantities to satisfy the metabolic needs ( Figure 1). In addition, amino acids serve as precursors for many primary and secondary metabolites and have pivotal roles in human nutrition, either as a source of nutraceutical compounds or as essential dietary components. Besides being building blocks for protein synthesis, many amino acids, including some not involved in protein synthesis, turned out to have active roles in plant development and participate in the plant's response to environmental stresses. Here we present novel findings on amino acid research and propose a picture, as up-to-date as possible, of the current knowledge on this fascinating aspect of plant physiology. In the last decades, the importance of amino acids in plant development and stress defense has become increasingly evident, attracting growing interest in basic and applied plant science.

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